How did modern Jewish literature modernize Jewish sexual practices, marital structures, and erotic experiences? Modernity brought with it a host of changes that included the transformations of gender roles and erotic practices, from arranged marriages to notions of heterosexual choice. Literature—particularly the novel, or “romance”—played an enormous role in “educating” Jews in modern European modes of love, training them simultaneously in new reading habits and in new forms of erotic relationships. Either through “positive” models that showed Jews what love was supposed to look like or through “negative” models that satirized traditional practices, literature served both as a mirror of Jewish modernization and an arena for the negotiation of conflicting cultural impulses.